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%ما هو (من)٪ 1 - تعريف
CHURCH
Lavra fortification; Pechersk lavra fortification
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Car layout
HOW THE CHASSIS AND POWERTRAIN OF AN AUTOMOBILE ARE DESIGNED
FR platform; Engine positioning; Systeme Bollée; Automobile layout; Car layout
The layout of a motorised vehicle such as a car is often defined by the location of the engine and drive wheels.
Powertrain layout
HOW THE CHASSIS AND POWERTRAIN OF AN AUTOMOBILE ARE DESIGNED
FR platform; Engine positioning; Systeme Bollée; Automobile layout; Car layout
The powertrain layout of a motorised vehicle such as a car is often defined by the location of the engine and drive wheels.
fortress
![The tunnels of [[Fort de Mutzig]], German fortifications built in 1893. By the 19th century, tunnels were used to connect [[blockhouse]]s and firing points in the ditch to the fort.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/14-46-35-f-mutzig.jpg?width=200 "The tunnels of [[Fort de Mutzig]], German fortifications built in 1893. By the 19th century, tunnels were used to connect [[blockhouse]]s and firing points in the ditch to the fort.")
![The [[Great Wall of China]] near [[Jinshanling]]. The Great Wall was a series of fortifications built across the historical northern borders of China.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/20090529 Great Wall 8185.jpg?width=200 "The [[Great Wall of China]] near [[Jinshanling]]. The Great Wall was a series of fortifications built across the historical northern borders of China.")
![Early 20th century aerial photograph of the [[fortifications of Valletta]], Malta which were built in the 16th and 17th centuries](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aerial photo of the Valletta City Gate.jpg?width=200 "Early 20th century aerial photograph of the [[fortifications of Valletta]], Malta which were built in the 16th and 17th centuries")
![Maiden Castle]] in 1935. The [[Iron Age]] [[hillfort]] was first built in 600 BC.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aerial photograph of Maiden Castle, 1935.jpg?width=200 "Maiden Castle]] in 1935. The [[Iron Age]] [[hillfort]] was first built in 600 BC.")
![An American flag raised at the [[Fort Santiago]], 1898. Fort Santiago was a [[citadel]] that was a part of the [[Intramuros]], a walled city within Manila.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/American flag raised over Fort Santiago 8-13-1898.jpg?width=200 "An American flag raised at the [[Fort Santiago]], 1898. Fort Santiago was a [[citadel]] that was a part of the [[Intramuros]], a walled city within Manila.")
![murus gallicus]]''. ''Oppida'' were large fortified settlements used during the [[Iron Age]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bibracte Porte Rebout.jpg?width=200 "murus gallicus]]''. ''Oppida'' were large fortified settlements used during the [[Iron Age]].")
![Remains of a fortified village, [[Borġ in-Nadur]], [[Malta]]. Borġ in-Nadur is a notable example of [[Bronze Age]] fortifications.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Borg in-Nadur ruins.jpeg?width=200 "Remains of a fortified village, [[Borġ in-Nadur]], [[Malta]]. Borġ in-Nadur is a notable example of [[Bronze Age]] fortifications.")
![Defensive wall of the ancient city of [[Dholavira]], Gujarat 2600 BCE](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dholavira gujarat.jpg?width=200 "Defensive wall of the ancient city of [[Dholavira]], Gujarat 2600 BCE")
![[[Han dynasty]] tomb brick showing [[watchtower]]s](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eastern Han Tomb Brick - 1.jpg?width=200 "[[Han dynasty]] tomb brick showing [[watchtower]]s")
![Fort Campbell]], built in the 1930s. Due to the threat of [[aerial warfare]], the buildings were placed at a distance from each other, making it difficult to find from the air.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fort Campbell 09.jpg?width=200 "Fort Campbell]], built in the 1930s. Due to the threat of [[aerial warfare]], the buildings were placed at a distance from each other, making it difficult to find from the air.")
![[[Han dynasty]] tomb brick showing gate towers](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Han Tomb Brick - 3.jpg?width=200 "[[Han dynasty]] tomb brick showing gate towers")
![lb}} bomb hits the ground. The development of [[bunker buster]]s, bombs designed to penetrate hardened targets buried underground, led to a decline in the use of fortifications.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Image-GBU-24 Missile testmontage-gi BLU-109 bomb.jpg?width=200 "lb}} bomb hits the ground. The development of [[bunker buster]]s, bombs designed to penetrate hardened targets buried underground, led to a decline in the use of fortifications.")
![St. George's Harbour]] in [[Bermuda]]. Construction beginning in 1612, these were the first stone fortifications, with the first coastal artillery batteries, built by [[England]] in the [[New World]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/John Smith 1624 map of Bermuda with Forts 01.jpg?width=200 "St. George's Harbour]] in [[Bermuda]]. Construction beginning in 1612, these were the first stone fortifications, with the first coastal artillery batteries, built by [[England]] in the [[New World]].")
![The ditch and [[counter scarp]] of [[Fort Delimara]]. Built in 1878, Delimara was built as a typical [[polygonal fort]] ditches and counter scarps made to be very deep, vertically sided, and cut directly into the rocks.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Malta Delimara one.jpg?width=200 "The ditch and [[counter scarp]] of [[Fort Delimara]]. Built in 1878, Delimara was built as a typical [[polygonal fort]] ditches and counter scarps made to be very deep, vertically sided, and cut directly into the rocks.")
![Medieval defensive walls and towers in [[Szprotawa]], Poland, made of field stone and [[bog iron]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mury obronne Szprotawa.jpg?width=200 "Medieval defensive walls and towers in [[Szprotawa]], Poland, made of field stone and [[bog iron]].")
![nl}}, [[Utrecht]], The Netherlands.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NIMH - 2155 011971 - Aerial photograph of Fort Vossegat, Utrecht, The Netherlands.jpg?width=200 "nl}}, [[Utrecht]], The Netherlands.")
![[[Cheyenne Mountain Complex]] is an underground [[bunker]] used by [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]]. Cheyenne Mountain is an example of a mid-20th century fortification built deep in a mountain.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NORADNorth-Portal.jpg?width=200 "[[Cheyenne Mountain Complex]] is an underground [[bunker]] used by [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]]. Cheyenne Mountain is an example of a mid-20th century fortification built deep in a mountain.")
![[[Suomenlinna]], a [[sea fortress]] from 18th century in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Suomenlinna.jpg?width=200 "[[Suomenlinna]], a [[sea fortress]] from 18th century in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]")
![Table of a typical [[bastion fort]], 1728. The development of bastion forts resulted from the increased use of cannons and firearms in the 14th century.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Table of Fortification, Cyclopaedia, Volume 1.jpg?width=200 "Table of a typical [[bastion fort]], 1728. The development of bastion forts resulted from the increased use of cannons and firearms in the 14th century.")
![Map of the defences available during the [[Battle of the Trench]], 627. Muslim defenders repelled the Confederates using Medina's natural fortifications and makeshift trenches.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The Battle of the Trench.jpg?width=200 "Map of the defences available during the [[Battle of the Trench]], 627. Muslim defenders repelled the Confederates using Medina's natural fortifications and makeshift trenches.")
MILITARY CONSTRUCTIONS AND BUILDINGS DESIGNED FOR DEFENSE IN WARFARE AND MILITARY BASES
Fort; Fortress; Fortifications; Stronghold; Fortified; Forts; Fortresses; Field fortification; Military fortification; Military fortifications; Horn works; Fortalice; Fortalices; Permanent fortification; Permanent fortifications; Semipermanent fortification; Semipermanent fortifications; Military earthworks; Military fort; Festungen; Stronghold (structure); Strongholds; Earthwork (military); Military fieldwork; Fieldwork (military); Earthworks (military); Fieldworks (military); Fieldworks; Earthworks (fortification); Defensive works; Defensive box; History of fortification
n.
1) to besiege; storm, take a fortress
2) an impregnable; strong fortress
3) a fortress falls, surrenders; holds out
ويكيبيديا
Pechersk Lavra fortification
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The Lavra fortification (Ukrainian: Лаврські фортифікаційні споруди, romanized: Lavrs’ki fortyfikatsiini sporudy; Russian: Лаврские фортификационные укрепления, romanized: Lavrskie fortifikatsionnye ukrepleniya) is a system of walls, towers and other constructions built for the protection of the Cave Monastery in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine.
